Mud is not the Villain

Reinforced concrete building damaged in Morocco earthquake

Morocco recently experienced the most devastating earthquake that the country has had in the last 60 years. To date, more than 2,600 people have died and news outlets are quick to point out that the cause of death isn’t the earthquake, but the buildings made of earth. While I am aware of the thousands of mud brick and rammed earth buildings that define the villages in the Atlas Mountains where the disaster took place, I note that the photos of the devastation often show buildings made of reinforced concrete or concrete masonry units. The tendency to villainize earthen architecture traditions is a common practice. The headline of one article reads, “Morocco’s Mud Brick Housing Makes Hunt for Earthquake Survivors Harder” and yet the cover image is clearly of a reinforced concrete building. As I scroll through articles about the earthquake, I do see many earthen buildings that have been damaged, but I also see a large number of buildings constructed of industrially produced materials. In the 1995 earthquake in Kobe, Japan, three times the number of people died, and over 100,000 buildings were destroyed in a city that was largely constructed of concrete and steel. Kobe was a magnitude 6.9 earthquake similar to Morocco’s 6.8. The 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake in the San Francisco Bay Area caused an estimated $14 billion in damage to buildings, bridges, and highways with the majority of deaths happening under reinforced concrete structures like the Cyprus Street Viaduct.

The New York Times writes, “Mud brick buildings common to the region — some of which date back to before Morocco’s colonization by the French — were reduced to a collapsed sand castle.” France colonized Morocco in 1912, making many of the buildings older than 111 years old It should be pointed out that the seismic activity of these regions is high, and earthen building traditions have survived in seismic zones for thousands of years. The oldest buildings in every seismic zone are constructed of earth, including those found in the San Francisco Bay Area. A visit to downtown Sonoma, the Missions, the Petaluma Adobe, and countless other mud brick buildings demonstrate the longevity of earthen architecture in earthquake-prone regions. A visit to Santiago, Chile, a city with a history of earthquakes, will also demonstrate how earthen architecture has survived in many urban and rural environments while adapting to a ground that shakes.

Yes, buildings made of mud brick and rammed earth did collapse causing many deaths. However, reinforced concrete and concrete masonry units did as well — there simply happens to be more earthen buildings in that region, just as there are more reinforced concrete buildings in Kobe, Japan. And despite the reality that our continued quest to combat the forces of mother nature, we continue to find that she wins. But perhaps she is not the villain, nor is architecture made of earth. According to Bloomberg, man-made climate-related disasters due to climate change account are linked to approximately 5 million deaths per year and the concrete industry is responsible for about 8% of planet-warming carbon dioxide emissions. Earthquakes account for approximately 60,000 of those deaths, however, few of those are related to the collapse of earthen buildings. Some of those deaths are related to the collapse of buildings made with other materials, landslides, and tsunamis. Some earthquakes are a product of fracking and mining.

I do not believe that earth architecture is the villain in the tragedy in Morocco. Rather, it is the cultural perception of the building material, and the prejudices against those that live in them, within a capitalist society. Earth is an inherently ecological material, possesses excellent thermal mass properties, requires little embodied energy, and is recyclable—earth buildings can return to Earth. It should be noted that most of the recent Pritzker Prize winner Francis Kere’s buildings are constructed of mud, and as I wrote about in my book, Earth Architecture, a number of universities including the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, the University of Kassel, Germany, and the University of Technology, Sydney are advancing the technology of creating earthquake-resistant earth buildings. Let us look to solving the 5 million deaths per year due to climate change, and improve the technologies of earthen construction as humans have continued to do for the past 10,000 years of civilization before we eradicate large percentages of the population due to industrialized building practices that have not proven to safely house the planet, unlike our planetary traditions of earthen architecture.

Building Local


Building Local is a design-build studio that will explore and discuss the aesthetic, assembly and tectonic qualities of local materials: earth, stone, fique, bamboo and wood, engaging students in a series of workshops that will culminate in the design and construction of an efficient and innovative farmhouse. The studio will take place in Barichara, a colonial town located in the North Western region of Colombia. It is open to graduate and upper-level undergraduate students (juniors and seniors) who are interested in engaging in the explorations of these techniques and their use in contemporary architecture.

The studio is organized by:

Maria Carrizosa, a licensed architect in Colombia and holds an undegraduate degree in architecture from Universidad de Los Andes and a dual Master’s degree in Architecture, and City and Regional Planning from UC Berkeley. Her design practice in Colombia ranges from institutional to housing projects, developing two award-winning projects for a public library and a music school in rural communities. She has been involved in architectural education in both Colombia and the US and continues her participation as a guest juror in the College of Environmental Design and as an Adjunct Professor at the Diablo Valley Community College. Maria is interested in collaborative practices in both architecture and planning to provide communities with the necessary tools to improve and shape the spaces they live in.

Ana Maria Gutierrez, the co-founder of Organizmo, an organization that promotes the principles of permaculture, bio-architecture and the implementation of intuitive technologies. She holds a BFA in Architectural Design from the Parsons School of Design and Master in Interactive Telecomunication ITP from New York University.

Adriana Navarro, who holds a dual Master’s degree in Architecture, and City and Regional Planning from the University of California at Berkeley. Born and raised in Colombia (S.A), she received a BS Arch (Honors) from the University of Virginia in 2004. After working for Rafael Viñoly Architects, and OPX Global in Washington DC, Adriana moved to California to begin her graduate studies in 2007. As a 2010 John K. Branner Fellow, Adriana traveled the world, focusing her research, FAVELA CHIC, on socio-cultural aspects of design, particularly analyzing the role and relationship between architecture, planning and urban informality. Adriana is founder of the blog FAVELissues.

For more information visit http://buildinglocal.wordpress.com

VIII Congreso de Arquitectura en Tierra. Tradición e Innovación

El VIII Congreso Internacional de Arquitectura de Tierra tendrá lugar los días 24 y 25 de septiembre, en Cuenca de Campos, provincia de Valladolid. El día 23 el congreso comenzará en Valladolid. El 24 y el 25 habrá un autobús disponible para desplazarse de Valladolid a Cuenca de Campos.

Comité Organizador

– José Luis Sainz Guerra, Dr. Arquitecto, Profesor de la Universidad de Valladolid
– Félix Jové, Dr. Arquitecto, Profesor de la Universidad de Valladolid
– José Mª Sastre, Arquitecto Técnico, Coordinador Lista Arqui-Terra

Coordinación

– Raquel Martínez, Arquitecta, Universidad de Valladolid, España

Comité Científico

– Mª Soledad Camino, Dra. Arquitecto, Profesora de la Universidad de Valladolid, España.
– Miguel Camino Solórzano, Dr. Arquitecto, Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, Manta, Ecuador.
– José Luis Sainz Guerra, Dr. Arquitecto, Profesor de la Universidad de Valladolid, España.
– Félix Jové, Dr. Arquitecto, Profesor de la Universidad de Valladolid, España.
– Humberto Varum, Dr. Ingeniero Civil, Universidad de Aveiro, Portugal.
– Leonardo Meraz, Dr. Arquitecto, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitanta de Xochimilco, Méjico.

PATROCINAN
Junta de Castilla y León
ARQUIA Caja de Arquitectos
Excma. Diputación Provincial de Valladolid

COLABORAN
Excmo. Ayuntamiento de Cuenca de Campos
Cátedra Juan de Villanueva. Escuela T.S. de Arquitectura de Valladolid
Catedra Unesco “Patrimonio, Restauración y Hábitat” de la Universidad de Valladolid
Vicerrectorado de Relaciones Institucionales. Universidad de Valladolid

[ Programa Provisional ]

Saint Bartholomew’s Chapel


Photography: ©Harrison Photography

Saint Bartholomew’s Chapel, designed by Kevin deFreitas Architects, was constructed to replace a very small and intimate historic chapel that was ravaged by wildfires in 2007. From that fire, only the original adobe bell tower survived, which became the anchor element in the redesign planning.


Photography: ©Harrison Photography
The new design was conceived to reverently knit together “past” and comfortable traditions, while acknowledging and offering something relevant to current and future generations. Thus, emulating or recreating the past literally was not a project goal. Drawing from a limitless well of Native American and Catholic symbols and metaphors, design elements in plan, section, and elevation were conceived to reference and infuse meaning into the chapel, such as the; rammed earth walls, radial walls, butterfly roof, and extensive use of locally sourced materials.

[ via: archdaily.com ]

Cinema Sil Plaz


Photography: Bruno Augsburger and Laura Egger

Over two decades ago, the last cinema closed in Ilanz, an Alpine town in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. To satisfy the locals’ cinephile needs, a group of people interested in film and culture formed the Filmclub Ilanz in 1989 and, after staging screenings in makeshift locations (including the town hall), they had a stroke of luck in 2004 in the shape of a 19th century former forge, which had just become vacant. After several years of screenings, they decided to revamp the space, with the help of fellow club members Capaul & Blumenthal Architects, to create a fully fledged cinema, which opened last September.

The ETH Zurich graduates have retained the raw character of the building, creating a cosy screening room and bar on a shoestring. Using local clay and a rammed earth construction method – a sustainable, low-tech building technique with sound-proofing benefits – the project was completed with the help of members of the Filmclub, who also conveniently included a rammed-earth specialist and a stonemason. Seating in the auditorium is padded by sheep-skin covered cushions stuffed by Filmclub members. Meanwhile, paint on the walls of the bar and stage area has been stripped back to reveal the original lime plasterwork of the building and floors are kept bare. The bar itself can be lifted by a manual forklift to make space for a dance floor when there are concerts – just one part of the Cinema Sil Plaz’s rich programme of events.

[via Wallpaper]

The San Isidro Labrador Chapel

The San Isidro Labrador Chapel is a collaborative effort of many people, the tangible demonstration of the cooperation of architects, engineers, craftsmen, peasants, creative people and students.

João Caeiro e Capurso Fulvio got together with Benito Guzman Canseco (President of the Consejo y Oaxaca Nopal Tuna, e Mayordomo de San Isidro in the years 2009-2010) to organize a series of courses to endorse people with the ability to build houses with noble materials from the region.

These courses, mostly hands-on, are addressed to people seeking to build their own houses, within a philosophy of low cost, high quality and contemporary design.

The first opportunity emerged in San Bartolo Coyopec, for the construction of a chapel for the saint patron of the cultivated fields, annually celebrated. The building was finished in may 2010.

ecologik Magazine

The Decembery/January issue of the French language magazine, ecologik, is devoted to the subject of Architecture en Terre.

SOMMAIRE #12 – décembre 2009/janvier 2010

ACTUALITÉ: réalisations – concours – expositions – les forêts, un marché de dupes ? – lumière : perspectives urbaines – livre, de la lutte des classes à la lutte des places
SOCIÉTÉ: la ville durable et connectée
URBANISME ET PAYSAGE: métamorphose d’une autoroute
PROCESSUS ET TECHNIQUES: les nouveaux dilemmes du patrimoine
DOSSIER EN TERRE: sur les traces d’un patrimoine mondial – manifeste pour le droit de construire en terre crue – le CRAterre, l’expérience made in France – retour d’expérience sur le Domaine de la Terre – la physique des grains – terre contemporaine : hôtel Amankora au Bouthan, maison d’habitation en pisé en Colombie, workshop structures en terre au Bangladesh, architecture d’intérieur à Paris, centre culturel du désert Nk’mip au Canada, maison Palmer-Rose aux Etats-Unis, maison Rauch en Autriche, école de Maosi en Chine, école des Arts au Mexique
INNOVATIONS: eaux de pluie, eaux usées : collecter, assainir et valoriser
BÂTIR SAIN: l’air est-il plus respirable dans un bâtiment LEED ou HQE?
SUISSE: passif en plein massif
PROSPECTIVE: accessibilité : et si on osait le pragmatisme ?