Architecture, Art, Design, and Culture using of mud, clay, soil, dirt & dust.
The four tallest earth buildings in the world are:
1. Al-Muhdhar Mosque, Tarim, Yemen – 53 meters (175 feet)
2. Huaca del Sol, Moche, Peru – 41 meters (135 feet)
3. Tower Houses, Shibam, Yemen – 29 meters (96 feet)
4. The Grand Mosque, Djenne, Mali – 11 meters (36 feet)
The ceremonial enclosure of Khasekhemwy–Hierakonpolis’ only standing monument is built entirely of sun-dried mud brick, with walls 5 meters (16.4 feet) thick and still preserved in places to its original imposing height of 9 meters (29.5 feet). It is the oldest freestanding mud-brick structure in the world. For the third time, it has been listed with the World Monument Fund as one of the world’s 100 most endangered monuments. Decorated on its exterior with a pattern of recessed paneling or niches and originally plastered white, it must have been a striking sight in its time. Almost 5,000 years later, it stands as a testament to the abilities of its builder, King Khasekhemwy, the last ruler of the Second Dynasty (ca. 2686 B.C.), but the reasons for which it was built remain a mystery.
Tel Dan, one of the more important sites in the Golan Heights near the Israel-Lebanon border, is better known for the world’s oldest intact arched gateway, a 4,000-year-old, mud-brick structure now protected under a modern shelter, but the site is under possible threat from a possible errant Hezbollah missile.
The Historical airport of Maybod in Yazd Province has been suggested by the Maybod Research Center as the center for the Adobe International Research Institute. Considering that Iran is an earthquake-prone country, establishing an international research institute for studying earthen structures would provide a proper basis for reengineering and strengthening of these structures. “Taking into account that Iran has the highest number of earthen constructions in the world, this decision would provide international facilities for preserving these monuments. Earthen constructions are parts of Iranian traditional architectural style which has a history of over 8000 years. Establishing an international center in Iran would promote Iran’s technical abilities in regards to earthen structures. Keeping in mind that Iran is an earthquake-prone country, the establishment of this center would also provide an opportunity to reengineer and strengthen our clay structures according to the international standards,” said Mohammad Hassan Khademzadeh, head of Mega Projects.
In the ruins of an ancient mud-brick city in northeastern Syria, archaeologists have uncovered what they say is substantial evidence of a fierce battle fought there in about 3500 B.C., which includes the discovery of 120 clay balls that were meant to be fired from slings, as well as 1,200 smaller “bullets.”
An Architecture for People: The Complete Works of Hassan Fathy 
Steele, an architect himself, presents Fathy’s built projects and discusses the design philosophy underlying his work. Steele’s book is a tribute to Fathy as a compassionate designer and as a master craftsman who held strongly to traditional values and beliefs at a time when the historical amnesia and standardization of Modernist architecture dominated.
Earthen architecture in Iran and Central Asia: its conservation, management, and relevance to contemporary society, a celebration of the life and work of Robert Byron, will be held at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 12-13th November 2005. The aim of the conference is to bring together individuals involved in the conservation and management of the archaeological and architectural legacy of earthen architecture in Iran and Central Asia, to discuss current approaches, practical applications, new projects and the impact of work on local communities and contemporary society.
Hassan Fathy (1900–1989) was an Egyptian architect widely recognized as a pioneer of sustainable and vernacular architecture. His work challenged the dominance of modern industrial construction by advocating for the use of traditional building techniques, particularly adobe (mud brick), as a means of creating environmentally responsive and socially equitable architecture.
Fathy’s approach was grounded in what he termed “appropriate technology,” emphasizing the use of locally available materials, passive environmental strategies, and the participation of local communities in the building process. Rather than imposing universal modernist solutions, he sought to develop a context-specific architecture that responded to climate, culture, and economic conditions.
His most influential project, New Gourna Village (1946–1952) in Luxor, was conceived as a prototype for low-cost, community-oriented housing. The project integrated traditional Nubian construction methods—such as vaulted roofs, courtyards, and thick earthen walls—to provide passive cooling and thermal comfort in a hot arid climate.
Although New Gourna faced social and political challenges and remained partially unrealized, it became a critical reference in architectural discourse. Through both the project and his seminal book Architecture for the Poor (1973), Fathy redefined architecture as a socially engaged practice, where material, climate, and human needs are intrinsically linked.
Today, Fathy’s work is increasingly recognized for its relevance to contemporary issues of sustainability, climate adaptation, and equitable development. His legacy continues to influence architects seeking alternatives to resource-intensive construction, positioning him as a key figure in the global discourse on ecological and socially responsible design.
The Tarim Conservation Project website documents the preservation of historic palaces of the Hadhramaut Valley in Tarim, Yemen. The principal investigators are art historian/archaeologist Dr. Selma Al-Radi, co-director of the ‘Amiriya Restoration Project in Rada’, Yemen, and architect/architectural conserator Pamela Jerome, an adjunct associate professor at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP) and a senior associate with Wank Adams Slavin Associates, a New York architecture and engineering firm. The trainees will be students from the historic preservation program of the GSAPP, along with Museum of the Hadhramaut personnel, and architecture students from the University of Mukallah. The significance of the Tarimi palaces and the fact that most of them are undocumented led us to propose their listing on the World Monuments Fund 100 Most Endangered Sites list for 2000-01. We have just received word that the site has been selected for re-listing on the 100 Most Endangered Sites list for 2002-03. Be sure to check out the visual resources page.
Some 26,000 lives were lost in the earthquake of 26 December last year, which levelled most recent housing, leaving about 80,000 people homeless, and damaged the ancient Bam Citadel. More:
UN, Iran mark first anniversary of earthquake that devastated Bam cultural area
Bam Before and After from Columbia University [username: ahar and password: 826sch to access site]