Project Lithos — (3d Printed Form Work)

Group Member: Chuhan Zhao, Yiluo Li

We started from the Augsburg Environmental Education Center, where rammed earth is used as an interior wall. In that project, we observed that different materials—such as wood or concrete—are typically placed next to or on top of the rammed earth. In other words, the materials remain separate, and their interaction mostly happens at the surface.

Hess / Talhof / Kumierz Website: Umweltbildungszentrum
Augsburg – Transition from Botanical Garden
Hess / Talhof / Kumierz Website: Umweltbildungszentrum
Augsburg Interior

What interested us was what happens if this relationship changes.

So our main question became:

What happens when materials are not adjacent to rammed earth, but embedded within it?

Instead of treating rammed earth as a pure, monolithic material, we began to think of it as a mass that can integrate other systems and become a composite condition.

To test this idea, we first made an initial model of a curved rammed-earth wall with a grid inserted into it. This allowed us to explore the relationship between a heavy, continuous mass and a lighter, secondary system. Rather than assigning a fixed program, we understood this as a spatial condition defined by material interaction.

From there, we moved toward a smaller and more controlled scale and developed the final objects you see below.

This object is not intended as a product or a finished design, but as a material prototype.

It consists of a rammed earth mass with an embedded element, and a central cavity that holds a light source. The inserted ring acts as an interface within the earth mass, and the light passes through this composite condition.

What becomes important here is not the form itself, but how light interacts with the material. The light reveals the thickness, the texture, and the relationship between the earth and the inserted element.

At this scale, we are able to control the variables more precisely and focus on how rammed earth behaves when it is no longer a single material, but part of a system.

So rather than designing a lamp, we are using light as a way to understand how a monolithic material can become composite, and how that affects spatial and material experience.

 

Inlaid Earth Artifact

 

The project begins with two references: the earthen wall of the Valéria Cirell House and Studio Moffitt’s prototype-based model approach. While the Valéria Cirell House demonstrates how rammed earth can function as both structure and material expression, Studio Moffitt’s work proposes a different way of understanding architectural models,  not as literal representations of buildings, but as prototypes that isolate and test specific architectural ideas through fabrication and abstraction.

Valéria Cirell House

Studio Moffitt’s prototype-based model

Inspired by these two approaches, the project does not attempt to reconstruct the original house through detailed representation or structural replication. Instead, it extracts the tectonic and material logic of earthen architecture and reorganizes it into an abstract wall prototype. The project therefore operates simultaneously as a fabrication experiment, a material study, and an architectural interpretation.

The physical prototype is constructed using rammed earth techniques. Clay is mixed with different fibers and aggregates to form the primary body of the wall, while various stones are embedded within the surface. Through layering and compaction, the materials are compressed into a dense monolithic mass. Rather than functioning as decorative additions, the embedded stones become integrated into the wall itself, producing a textured surface that emerges directly from the internal material composition.

Material testing became an important part of the process. Different soils, granular materials, fibers, and stone fragments were explored in order to understand how texture, density, and structural stability could coexist within a single fabricated object. The goal was not to display isolated samples, but to investigate how multiple unstable materials could be transformed into a cohesive architectural system through compression and fabrication.

Beyond material experimentation, the project also explores a process of architectural abstraction. Instead of reproducing the original earth structure in detail, the prototype reinterprets it through a simplified geometric language. The project is interested in how modern architectural abstraction can translate primitive construction systems into reduced formal objects. In this sense, the prototype does not simply represent the original architecture, but reconstructs its essential relationship between mass, material, and structure in a contemporary form.

The wall therefore becomes more than a fragment of architecture. It operates as an artifact that records the interaction between material behavior, fabrication techniques, and formal abstraction. Texture is not applied afterward, but generated through the internal logic of layering, compaction, and embedded matter. The prototype ultimately positions rammed earth not only as a historical construction technique, but as a contemporary architectural language capable of integrating material expression, fabrication, and abstraction into a unified system.

From Waste to Earth——Experimental Material Test of Compressed Earth Block

Group Member: Yuxin Chen & Yufan Jiang

This project explores the potential of compressed earth blocks as an experimental architectural material infused with organic waste additives.

Inspired by the textured earthen surfaces of the Beijing Teahouse by Kooo Architects, the research began with testing different types of tea leaves and later expanded to include coffee grounds and plant fibers as additional material components.

Hand-crafted molds and compression tests

Through a series of hand-crafted molds and compression tests, the study investigates how these organic materials influence the color, texture, density, strength, and tactile qualities of soil bricks.

Hand-crafted molds and compression tests
Hand-crafted molds and compression tests
Beijing Teahouse by Kooo Architects

Beyond material testing, the project also explored the architectural application of the bricks through the fabrication of a full-scale 1:1 prototype and a 1:4 mock-up model. These models were used to study brick geometries, assembly methods, and the spatial and atmospheric potential of the material as an interior wall finish.

1:1 Model Material Test
1:1 Model Material Test
1:1 Model Material Test
1:4 Mock Up Model

By combining waste materials with traditional earth construction techniques, the project examines new possibilities for sustainable material reuse while emphasizing the relationship between craft, material experimentation, and architectural atmosphere.

Detail Study & Modeling Of Rammed Earth House

Section Model of Rammed Earth House Designed by Tuckey Design Studio

Project Introduction

Group Member: Wentao Lyu , Tianwu Zheng , Zuohao Qiu

This research explores the construction logic and tectonic characteristics of rammed earth architecture through precedent analysis, detail studies, and physical model experimentation. The project focuses on the relationship between rammed earth walls, timber structures, openings, and material connections.

A 1:10 sectional model and a series of material tests were developed to study fabrication methods, construction details, and the integration of different building systems within rammed earth construction.


Research Framework

01 — Fabrication Process of Rammed Earth Walls

Study of rammed earth wall construction, including soil mixture, layering, moisture control, and compaction methods.

Fabrication Process
Rammed Earth Molds

02 — Connection Logic Between Earth and Other Systems

Investigation of how rammed earth walls connect with timber structures, roof assemblies, foundations, and waterproofing details.

Foundation Details 1
Foundation Details 2
Connection with Timber Structures
Roof Assemblies
Corridor and Timber Column Details

03 — Integration of Openings within Load-Bearing Walls

Analysis of window openings and structural transitions within thick rammed earth wall systems.

Window Opening Details 1
Window Opening Details 2
Window Openings and Timber Columns

Modeling & Material Experiments

Sectional Model

Development of a 1:10 sectional model combining rammed earth walls, timber framing, and window details to study tectonic relationships and construction sequencing.

Construction Details Study
Section Model Image 1
Section Model Image 2

Material Testing

Material experiments focusing on soil ratios, wetness testing, compaction techniques, and layered rammed earth fabrication at model scale.

Material Experiments and Mockups

PROGRAMMED DECAY: DESIGNING INTENTIONAL EROSION IN EARTHEN ARCHITECTURE

 

PROGRAMMED DECAY: DESIGNING INTENTIONAL EROSION IN EARTHEN ARCHITECTURE

This erosion study began with an observation of the oldest sections of the Great Wall of China, where layers of straw and mud eroded at different rates over thousands of years, revealing soft, undulating patterns beneath the surface. Rather than seeing erosion as decay, the project explores it as a design tool. Through a series of material experiments, clay bricks were cast with embedded elements—including sugar, salt, wax, leaves, and wood—that dissolve, melt, burn, or persist over time. Some materials outlast the earthen surface, while others disappear quickly, leaving behind voids and textures. The work imagines earthen architecture as something dynamic and time-based, where patterns slowly emerge through weathering and environmental change.

Catalina Lusk

Chunk Model Study of Nursery School at Roches de Condrieu

Group Member: Zhixuan Zhou (MAAD) & Yushi Gan (MAAD)

We constructed a 1:1 scale model of a rammed earth wall corner for the Nursery School at Roches de Condrieu project. Our objective was to explore the actual construction process involved. The region where this project is situated is characterized by traditional local rural architecture built using rammed earth.

We fabricated the rammed earth molds using a combination of plywood and 3D-printed components. We then proceeded by ramming a layer of earth, followed by pouring Rockite cement; this process was repeated three times to complete the final model.

Although traditional construction methods might not typically incorporate modern techniques such as 3D printing, our fabrication process proved instructive, allowing us to gain valuable insights into the integration of two distinct construction methodologies: rammed earth and poured casting.

Project Archdaily

Architect Website

Dachverband Lehm (Organization)

Dachverband Lehm is a German-based organization, established in 1992, specializing in earthen construction, particularly the use of rammed earth (Lehm in German) as a modern, sustainable building material. The company focuses on reviving traditional earth-building techniques while integrating contemporary engineering and architectural practices. Based in Germany, Dachverband Lehm works closely with architects, designers, and builders to create structurally sound and aesthetically refined rammed earth walls for residential, cultural, and commercial projects.

The organization emphasizes the environmental benefits of earth construction, including low embodied energy, recyclability, and the use of locally sourced materials. Their work demonstrates how rammed earth can meet modern building standards while maintaining a strong connection to natural materials and regional identity.

Dachverband Lehm maintains an extensive online resource through their website, earthbuilding.info. The site offers comprehensive information on traditional and contemporary earthen construction techniques, material selection, and design considerations. It also features educational content, including training programs, workshops, and vocational courses for professionals and enthusiasts interested in sustainable building practices. Visitors can explore international research initiatives, case studies, and examples of earth architecture, along with guidelines, standards, and regulatory information that support the safe and effective use of rammed earth in modern construction.

Zawiyyet Al Mayyiteen, the City of the Dead

Zawiyyet Al Mayyiteen (also known as Zawyet el-Sultan or Zawyet el-Amwat) is located on the southern edge of the city of Minya and is situated between the Nile river and desert cliffs to the East. Often called the “City of the Dead,” it is considered one of the largest cemeteries in the world, measuring nearly 4 kilometers long and 300 meters wide, covering roughly 1.2 square kilometers. Zawiyyet Al Mayyiteen is not just a modern cemetery; it is built atop layers of ancient history spanning nearly 5,000 years.

The cemetery is 4 kilometers long and 300 meters wide and is situated between the Nile and Desert Cliffs.

The site is easily identifiable by the repetition of small scaled domes made of mudbricks and plaster. Each domed mausoleum belongs to a different family and ancestral lineage. The highly concentrated sea of domes is easily read as a single web structure or pattern resembling the geological landscape, its growth seems fairly gradual and responsive to the site.

Looking at the Nile from within the cemetery.

This style of burial is traditional for the region, used by both the local Muslim and Coptic Christian communities, making it a rare site of shared funerary heritage.

Mausoleums against the cliffside.

During religious holidays and annual festivals, thousands of people from Minya travel to the site to visit their ancestors, often staying in the mausoleums to share meals and offer prayers.

Interior view of domed structure.
Mudbrick and plaster in various conditions.

The unique aesthetic of the domes has long inspired artists and photographers. The nearby village is also home to the museum of the famous Egyptian folk artist Hassan el-Shark, whose colorful paintings often depict the daily life and spiritual traditions of the Minya region.

Domes of mud brick and paster.

Resources

https://www.jennyfaraway.com/el-minya-cemetery/

https://arquitecturaviva.com/articles/necropolis-de-egipto-de-manuel-alvarez-diestrohttps://www.egypttoursportal.com/en-us/blog/minya-attractions/the-great-attractions-of-minya/

https://egyptfwd.org/Article/6/2265/City-Of-The-Dead-An-Endless-Sea-Of-White-Conical

https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/city-of-the-dead

https://www.google.com/maps/place/

Aseer Regional Architecture

 

Asir, or officially the Aseer Province in Saudi Arabia, was incorporated into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1934.  has a population of 2.2 million. The province has a long history with artifacts dating to the bronze age. The region is known for its tribal independence, agriculture, and high-altitude culture, situated on a high plateau.

The Aseer region is characterized by a cooler climate with considerable seasonal rain. It has approximately 400 traditional settlements, many located on the high plateau at altitudes greater than 2000 meters. Buildings generally took the form of square, multistory towers. Four principal construction types developed based on the local microclimate and available materials: mud tower houses, stone rubble houses, stone apron houses, and mud and slate tower buildings.

Rijal Almaa is a town that emerged 900 ye  ars ago and, given its strategic location on the route to Mecca from Yemen, it became a place of commercial exchange. The buildings are composed of stone, mud, and wood, and are constructed up to six floors. They are detailed with with white window frames, wooden shutterns, and decorative mofits, details that are characteristic of the region.

Rijal Almaa Heritage Village consists of around 60 traditional stone, mud, and wood buildings.
White window frames and checkered details

Typical  houses in the mountainous Asir province were made of mud reinforced with camel hair. The lower areas of the buildings were made from stone, with smaller flat stones wedged between bigger ones. The upper areas have a local flat stone between the bricks. Plaster was usually applied to the outside of the building to cover the mud bricks.

Al-Qatt Al-Asiri is a traditional interior wall decoration of the region. It is a spontaneous art technique carried out largely by women. It is typically practiced on rooms of visiting guests. Women invite female relatives of various age groups to help them in their homes, thereby transmitting this knowledge from generation to generation. The base is usually white gypsum and the patterns consist of icons of geometric shapes and symbols.

© 2016 by Ahmad AlSheme, Saudi Arabia
Aseer Craftsmanship
Aseer Craftsmanship

The Saudi government has developed set of architectural and urban guidelines and requirements that help guide the design and urban development process to align with the authentic local architectural style of each geographic area across the Kingdom.  Guidelines, maps, and more information can be found here: https://architsaudi.dasc.gov.sa/ar

Aseer Escarpment, Architectural Design Guidelines

Aseer Escarpment, Architectural Design Guidelines, Page 5
Aseer Escarpment, Architectural Design Guidelines, Page 13
Aseer Escarpment, Architectural Design Guidelines, Page 14

Al-Qatt Al-Asiri, female traditional interior wall decoration in Asir, Saudi Arabia

Craftsmanship of decorated wooden doors reflects Aseer’s artistic heritage

Rijal Almaa Heritage Village in Assir Region

PK_iNCEPTiON, Hiwali School

Hiwali, Nashik, Maharashtra, 2025
pkinception

Located in Hiwali – a small rural settlement of about 25 farming households deep in the Satmala mountain range in India – the Hiwali school was initiated by a joint venture by the Give Welfare Organization and Armstrong Robotics & Technologies. Every aspect of this project was unique – starting from the site being a narrow rural strip only accessible via a 50 ft hike from the village road to the actual use case of the building – not just a normal school but somewhat of a daycare functioning 10 hours a day, 365 days a year. The school serves as a “home base” for the remarkable teacher Keshav Gavit – known for his innovative teaching methods and his students who write with both hands and memorize over a thousand tables.

pkinception
arquitecturaviva

The design, starting with the water moat that protects the site from runoff, is extremely adaptive to the environment and sensitive to the materials that are easily accessible yet still retain desirable qualities. Modular blocks shown below house the office, computer room, science room, projector room, and library, each arranged diagonally to allow for both expansion towards the mountain and to protect and shape the sometimes aggressive winds.

pkinception

The exposed brick walls of these modules share the load for a gently sloping roof that zigzags over the school, allowing for a very open, inside-and-out relationship everywhere within the school – shaping areas that are interconnected and flexible, while still maintaining focused spaces required for a school, spaces and volumes shifting between 5 and 8 feet – in scale for the children that use the space. Materially, the school is very interesting – the bricks that comprise most of the modules avoid the use of ubiquitous reinforced concrete to shift towards a local production, but also retain excellent thermal lag – absorbing the daytime heat and radiating it during the cool mountain evenings. These bricks are left entirely exposed on both interior and exterior surfaces, allowing for easy maintenance and the avoidance of commercial plasters, which degrade and are expensive.

The cow dung and earth flooring present in the high plinth allow for comfort for both sitting and sleeping. This application of mud and cow-dung paste, often called leepan, is an ancient practice known for not only thermal mass properties but for insect-repellent and antiseptic benefits as well. Every part of the building is designed to be used and maintained, even the exposed brick being an easy platform for nailing boards onto, was intentional.

yatzer

Sources:

https://www.pkinception.in/hiwali-school

https://arquitecturaviva.com/works/escuela-en-hiwali

www.yatzer.com/hiwali-school-india-pooja-khairnar